Table of Contents
Introduction
This is an introduction to the text.
Section 1
Article 2 states that each member of the United Nations agrees to respect and abide by the Charter of the United Nations and to fulfill the obligations that have been imposed upon them.
Historical Perspective on Spanking
Article that supports a stronger argument
Logic Fallacies
Significance for The World
In-text citations
This is a beginning statement.
There is a long history of spanking children by parents or guardians in many countries around the world, including the West. This was done to enforce discipline. It seems that spanking works instantly because a child who isn’t following the rules will cease to do so. The majority of people used to see spanking as a way of showing their love and to help their children. It can lead to a delusion, as experiences are stronger and more profound than facts. It is a part of the memory that children will retain until adulthood, how many times they have been spanked. There are questions that must be answered about whether spanking children is worth it. These questions should answer whether spanking will have a long-term impact or if punishments are better.
The following two articles will provide a brief explanation on the controversial topic spanking. The controversy and its history will be discussed, as well as the theories that led to it. To strengthen the argument, we will examine the evidence and provide an explanation. Article 1In Rush and Miller Perrin (2018)’s article, they examined the attitudes, professional and ethical beliefs of spanking professionals. This study was conducted using a sample from 3,000 members of the American Psychological Association. The survey was completed online by 782 participants, with a response rate at 28%. The overwhelming results showed that psychologists do not advocate spanking children by their parents. A majority (86%) believed it was an ineffective way to instill discipline. 71% thought spanking was harmful to children and 72% wouldn’t recommend it to parents. They thought it unethical to tell parents to spank their children, regardless of the situation.
According to most psychologists surveyed, it would be wise for APA policies to prohibit spanking and other forms of punishment. As many as possible, participants were aware of spanking research, but also were not sure of its implications for children’s development. Regression analysis revealed that psychologists’ recommendations were based on participants’ personal beliefs, experiences, and moral beliefs. These findings indicated that there had not been any significant change in their opinions over 18 years. Each of these findings can be used to inform policy and practice.
Article 2Gabriela Barajas-Gonzalez et al. (2018), which aimed to investigate the correlation between spanking punishment and verbal punishment. They focused their research on Latino immigrant families and young children. A year later, spanking was associated with child externalizing and internalizing difficulties. Cultural contexts and parenting were possible moderators. The parent self-report of 633 Dominican American, Mexican immigrant and young child families was used to evaluate the potential moderators. After 12 month, both the teacher’s and parent assessment of internalizing/externizing was collected.
The researchers discovered a positive correlation between the spanking of male children and mother’s spanking. Verbal punishment was initially linked to externalizing issues, but it was then associated with Mexican and Dominican American children. The relationship that was not moderated was also found. The study concluded that spanking and child externalizing or internalizing behaviors later in life was not related. It was concluded that researchers should examine verbal and physical discipline techniques to understand their impact on Latino child outcomes. This research could also help to understand the contexts that may influence the use of spanking and verbal punishment on children at different developmental stages.
Historical Perspective on Spanking However, the attitudes and practices surrounding this form punishment have changed dramatically over time. Global Initiative to End Corporal Punishment for Children (2017) states that at least 50 countries have banned spanking parents of their children. Sweden was the nation that ban physical punishment. It did so because people’s beliefs about the meaning of corporal punishment were changing. Similar trends are occurring in the USA, where spanking is still the norm.
Social scientists remain interested in the subject of spanking and other physical punishment. Gershoff & GroganKaylor (2016) argue that spanking is more harmful than beneficial. These findings are inconsistent with the evidence of spanking’s effectiveness, which can have significant implications for policy and practice recommendations.
Article with a stronger argumentMiller-Perrin & Rush’s article provides a stronger argument as far as psychological punishment and spanking are concerned. This article answers questions about whether or not the above-mentioned approach is effective in improving child compliance. This article examines whether the methodology can be used to determine if spanking has any effect on child development outcomes. Miller-Perrin & Rush (2018) cite a variety studies that were conducted in the past fifteen years and draw different conclusions. Simply put, physical punishment has negative effects on child development and is uneffective. Research has shown that spanking can have deleterious effects on children, and it is associated with negative outcomes.
Logic FallaciesOver time, a variety of media outlets and medical organizations have stated that spanking can cause emotional harm to children. This could lead to them engaging in aggressive behavior in later life. As parents sometimes abuse spanking, it is not surprising that science has not addressed the issue of persistent spanking causing irreparable harm. Larzelere & Trumbull (2017) state that spanking research has been dominated by erroneous methods. Their paper also states that anti-spanking literature is subject to three major errors or fallacies. First, the correlational error. This is when associations between two variables do not indicate causation. When evaluating actions to correct medical and disciplinary problems, correlations can lead to misleading results. The extrapolation error shows that, despite the fact that infrequent spanking yields better results than excessive spanking, there’s no evidence that zero spanking proves to be best. The third lie in the lumping Fallacy. In fact, 5 out 75 studies only looked at child defiance. All spanking was therefore lumped together, despite its reason and nature.
Significance to The WorldSpanking has been a controversial practice for childbearing throughout the US and other countries. While some people see spanking as a method of disciplining children, others disagree. The society and parents can benefit from this information. Parents are often influenced by healthcare professionals, including psychologists. Research has shown that spanking can have a long-lasting effect. Therefore, it is important to educate parents on how to instill discipline without causing harm.
Sources
Gabriela Barajas-Gonzalez, R., Calzada, E., Huang, K. Y., Covas, M., Castillo, C. M., & Brotman, L. M. (2018). The effects of verbal and parental spanking on young children from Latino immigrant family: A test for moderation in context and culture. Parenting, 18(4), 219-242.
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment for Children (2017). Countdown towards universal prohibition Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/progress/countdown.html
Lansford, J. E., Cappa, C., Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Deater-Deckard, K., & Bradley, R. H. (2017). The perceptions and reports of corporal punishment by parents over time have changed in eight countries that have legal bans and one without. Child abuse and neglect, 71.
Larzelere, E. R, & Trumbull, D. A. (2017). Research on Disciplinary Spanking Is Misleading. The American College of Pediatricians is a professional organization dedicated to advancing the health and well-being of children. Retrieved from https://www.acpeds.org/the-college-speaks/position-statements/parenting-issues/corporal-punishment-a-scientific-review-of-its-use-in-discipline/research-on-disciplinary-spanking-is-misleading.
Miller-Perrin, C., & Rush, R. (2018). The attitudes, knowledge and practices of psychologists regarding spanking: A survey of American Psychological Association members. Psychology, Public Policy, Law, 24(4) 405.
Taylor, C. A., Moeller, W., Hamvas, L., & Rice, J. C. (2013). Professional advice for parents on child discipline and corporal punishment. Clinical Pediatrics, 52(2), pp. 147-155.
